Coherent Raman spectroscopies for measuring molecular flow velocity

Various types of coherent Raman spectroscopy are characterized and their application to molecular flow velocity and direction measurement and species concentration and temperature determination is discussed

Coherent Raman spectroscopy for supersonic flow measurments

In collaboration with NASA/Langley Research Center, a truly nonintrusive and nonseeding method for measuring supersonic molecular flow parameters was proposed and developed at Colorado State University. The feasibility of this Raman Doppler Velocimetry (RDV), currently operated in a scanning mode, was demonstrated not only in a laboratory environment at Colorado State University, but also in a major wind tunnel at NASA/Langley Research Center. The research progress of the RDV development is summarized. In addition, methods of coherent Rayleigh-Brillouin spectroscopy and single-pulse coherent Raman spectroscopy are investigated, respectively, for measurements of high-pressure and turbulent flows

IR pumped third-harmonic generation and sum-frequency generation in diatomic molecules

The potential efficiency of using nonlinear up-conversion techniques for the high efficiency type lasers (CO,CO2, and chemical) is assessed. Results indicate that: the small pump photon energy necessitates the use of molecular media for conversion if resonance enhancement is to be used and that molecular systems present several problems. These difficulties include: their levels are complex; their transition probabilities are often unknown; and the oscillator strengths among vibrational levels in the ground electronic state of a molecule are much smaller than those among electronic states of an atom, thus limiting the magnitude of nonlinear interactions. It is shown that this problem can be eliminated by making use of vibronic transitions which, being primarily electronic transitions have much larger matrix elements and efficient conversion can be achieved with molecular systems

Velocity measurements by laser resonance fluorescence

The photonburst correlation method was used to detect single atoms in a buffer gas. Real time flow velocity measurements with laser induced resonance fluorescence from single or multiple atoms was demonstrated and this method was investigated as a tool for wind tunnel flow measurement. Investigations show that single atoms and their real time diffusional motion on a buffer gas can be measured by resonance fluorescence. By averaging over many atoms, flow velocities up to 88 m/s were measured in a time of 0.5 sec. It is expected that higher flow speeds can be measured and that the measurement time can be reduced by a factor of 10 or more by careful experimental design. The method is clearly not ready for incorporation in high speed wind tunnels because it is not yet known whether the stray light level will be higher or lower, and it is not known what detection efficiency can be obtained in a wind tunnel situation

Towards a comprehensive view of dust events from multiple satellite and ground measurements: exemplified by the May 2017 East Asian dust storm

One or several aspects of the source, distribution, transport, and optical properties of airborne dust have been characterized using different types of satellite and ground measurements, each with unique advantages. In this study, a dust event that occurred over the East Asia area in May 2017 was exemplified to demonstrate how all the above-mentioned aspects of a dust event can be pictured by combining the advantages of different satellite and ground measurements. The data used included the Himawari-8 satellite Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) true-colour images, the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) aerosol vertical profiles, the Aura satellite Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aerosol index images, and the ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) aerosol properties and the ground station particulate matter (PM) measurements. From the multi-satellite/sensor (AHI, CALIOP, and OMI) time series observations, the dust storm was found to originate from the Gobi Desert on the morning of 3 May 2017 and transport north-eastward to the Bering Sea, eastward to the Korean Peninsula and Japan, and southward to south-central China. The air quality in China deteriorated drastically: the PM10 (PM&thinsp;&lt;&thinsp;10&thinsp;µm in aerodynamic diameter) concentrations measured at some air quality stations located in northern China reached 4333&thinsp;µg&thinsp;m−3. At the AOE_Baotou, Beijing, Xuzhou-CUMT, and Ussuriysk AERONET sites, the maximum aerosol optical depth values reached 2.96, 2.13, 2.87, and 0.65 and the extinction Ångström exponent dropped to 0.023, 0.068, 0.03, and 0.097, respectively. The dust storm also induced unusual aerosol spectral single-scattering albedo and volume size distribution.</p

Coincident extremely large sporadic sodium and sporadic E layers observed in the lower thermosphere over Colorado and Utah

International audienceOn the night of 2 June 2002, the sodium lidar in Fort Collins, CO (40.6 N, 105 W) measured an extremely strong sporadic sodium layer lasting from 03:30 to 05:00 UT with several weaker layers later in the night at 06:00 and 09:00 UT. There is a double layer structure with peaks at 101 and 104 km. The peak sodium density was 21 000 atoms/cm3 with a column abundance of up to twice that of the normal sodium layer. The peak density was 500 times greater than the typical density at that altitude. The sporadic layer abundance and strength factor were higher than any reported in the literature. The two lidar beams, separated by 70 km at this altitude, both measured 0.6 h periodicities in the abundance, but out of phase with each other by 0.3 h. There is also evidence for strong wave activity in the lidar temperatures and winds. The NOAA ionosonde in Boulder, CO (40.0 N, 105 W) measured a critical frequency (foEs) of 14.3 MHz at 03:00 UT on this night, the highest value anytime during 2002. The high values of total ion density inferred means that Na+ fraction must have been only a few percent to explain the neutral Na layer abundances. The Bear Lake, Utah (41.9 N, 111.4 W) dynasonde also measured intense Es between 02:00 and 05:00 UT and again from 06:00 to 08:00 UT about 700 km west of the lidar, with most of the ionograms during these intervals measuring Es up to 12 MHz, the limit of the ionosonde sweep. Other ionosondes around North America on the NGDC database measured normal foEs values that night, so it was a localized event within North America. The peak of Es activity observed in Europe during the summer of 2002 occurred on 4 June. The observations are consistent with the current theories where a combination of wind shears and long period waves form and push downward a concentrated layer of ions, which then chemically react and form a narrow layer of sodium atoms

Vortex Reconnection as the Dissipative Scattering of Dipoles

We propose a phenomenological model of vortex tube reconnection at high Reynolds numbers. The basic picture is that squeezed vortex lines, formed by stretching in the region of closest approach between filaments, interact like dipoles (monopole-antimonopole pairs) of a confining electrostatic theory. The probability of dipole creation is found from a canonical ensemble spanned by foldings of the vortex tubes, with temperature parameter estimated from the typical energy variation taking place in the reconnection process. Vortex line reshuffling by viscous diffusion is described in terms of directional transitions of the dipoles. The model is used to fit with reasonable accuracy experimental data established long ago on the symmetric collision of vortex rings. We also study along similar lines the asymmetric case, related to the reconnection of non-parallel vortex tubes.Comment: 8 pages, 3 postscript figure

Energy of thermal electrons in electron beam created helium discharges, The

Includes bibliographical references (page 129).We have measured the electron energy of the thermal group of electrons in both longitudinal and transverse electron beam created helium glow discharges. The measurement technique employs the ratio of intensities of spectral lines in the 2s 3S-np 3P He I series. Values of kTe between 0.07 and 0.11 eV were obtained. These energies are typical of the beam generated electric field free plasmas. The competitive loss of helium ions by recombination and by charge transfer in a He-Hg electron beam created plasma is calculated. The results are applied to the Hg+ laser pumping scheme using a electron beam created He-Hg plasma

Quantitative characterization of three-dimensional pore structure in hardened cement paste using X-ray microtomography combined with centrifuge driven metal alloy intrusion

In this paper, a centrifuge device is proposed to facilitate the intrusion of a low-melting point metal alloy into the pore space of hardened cement paste. X-ray microtomography is combined with metal centrifugation porosimetry (MCP) to quantitatively investigate 3D pore structure. The low-melting-point metal alloy is melted and introduced into pore space in pastes with water cement ratio of 0.5 and 1.0 at a temperature of 65 °C. 3D pore structure is quantitatively analyzed by X-ray microtomography after the molten metal alloy has been consolidated. A new threshold value segmentation method for pore space was proposed using conversion coefficient on region of interest (ROI). Porosity and pore size distribution are tested by MCP and compared with the results based on mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The results show that the contrast between pore space and solid phase in the X-ray microtomography device image is improved. The total porosity obtained by MCP was found to be consistent with the results obtained by MIP

Nonperiodic oscillation of bright solitons in the condensates with a periodically oscillating harmonic potential

Considering a periodically oscillating harmonic potential, we explore the dynamics properties of bright solitons in a Bose-Einstein condensate. It is found that under a slower oscillating potential, soliton movement exhibits a nonperiodic oscillation while it is hardly affected under a fast oscillating potential. Furthermore, the head-on and/or "chase" collisions of two solitons have been obtained, which can be controlled by the oscillating frequency of potential.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure